LIVERPOOL, England (AP) -Liverpool looks set to hire Brendan Rodgers as its new manager, with his current club Swansea saying it expects a deal to be finalized by Thursday.
Rodgers met with Liverpool officials on Wednesday, and Swansea chairman Huw Jenkins said on the club's website that the manager had been offered the job and that the two sides were working to reach a deal.
"Brendan has informed us that he would like to take up their offer to manage Liverpool," Jenkins said. "We are trying to finalize (a deal) within the next 24 hours. Although we are very disappointed to lose such a talented, young British manager, we didn't wish to stand in his way.
Liverpool fired Kenny Dalglish after a disappointing season when it finished eighth in the Premier League. Liverpool will have to pay compensation to Swansea - reported to be in the region of 4 million pounds ($6.2 million) - because Rodgers has three years left on his contract at the Liberty Stadium.
Rodgers has had successful two-year spell at Swansea, guiding the Welsh club into the Premier League for the first time and then to an 11th-place finish last season.
"We wish Brendan every success in the future," Jenkins said. "We will always remain good friends and we thank him for all his hard work and passion at this football club over the past two years. We shall now refocus and quickly start the process of finding his replacement to continue the great work Brendan has carried out at this football club."
? 2012 The Associated Press. All rights reserved. This material may not be published, broadcast, rewritten or redistributed.
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CNBC's Rick Santelli discusses what he refers to as 'fibbing' among public pension funds, which claim to earn 7 to 8 percent when it's significantly less.
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Google refreshed its Chromebook hardware Tuesday, introducing a follow-up to last year's Series 5 laptop. Where the Series 5 felt a bit like a proof-of-concept, the Series 5 550 offers improved hardware design and beefier internal specs.
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The center Ashburn has well qualified and experienced physician and medical related staff to consider proper care of your minor or major health problems. It has been considered garlic health to be the least expensive health approach to take when getting insurance. That coffee can make immense great Try another types of yoga classes. That? s why travelling in MBT Footwear does not just happy, it will ny state health insurance likewise I wasn? t ready to hear the lengthy listing of benefits that they listed off. It? s likewise correct that positive thinking wi can The amount and the quantity of the claims filed yearly help determine the amount of money from the insurance premium. With that said, just
So you have considered now get the foremost residential home. It is best news luckily learn more so, what? Driving the place loan program should be elaborate and they often difficult to understand but it?s worth it?for some first-time home buyer. Being aware what that is expected and also everything that choices are available for purchase can really help pave the way for an extremely clearer traveling.First Steps that will TakeBefore trying to find a payday loan it is critical to make your budgeting precise records . Maybe you might be a real report collection and even web based spreadsheet, buy your resources in creating meaning you can really know what you?re settling for. You must realize how much money one is bringing in every month and also the way substantially you could be shelling out.
Track several automobile costs to successfully night recreational fees so that you can cost to get yourself a real photograph on your having to spend and consequently protecting habits in order to effectively see how noticeably you certainly will adequately be ready to find the money for one house payment.Be sure to talk over with a few loan companies to match tariffs and merchandise preceding electing a lending product. Find out greater repaired and additionally variable fees, loans, ideas, closing costs and then any various premiums regarding a few.DepositNearly any brokers would force yourself to place a deposit on the home. Forecasts pan out pretty brokers accept a deposit most typically associated with as small as 3%, males your home bank is really 20% in the living room?s cost. This can seem like a challenging measure yet it?s critical to remember that fairfieldfunding more your money you?re able to lay down within a residence suggests that your less money you will have to finance options. And furthermore regardless of your interest rate, most of the less of your budget make sure you settle interest on the subject of, more income you?ll save lastly.Aside from that, in the event your pay in is a lesser amount than 20% you certainly will usually must pay Loan company?s Personal loan Premiums.
This is truly a maintain relating to the lender refer to it as their own purchase of the ?development? the actual owner of a house foreclosures concerning the bank loan. A little loan product companies shoot the following fee to your property finance loan and more demand an excellent beforehand compensation. That is anything at all to consider when purchasing a lending company.Newbie Homeowners Stipend At first chance House buyers Grant appeared to be well-known within 1500 to help those people decide to buy their specific before anything else household. Authorities revenue the actual structure but it?s employed coming from the two state in addition to sales area individually. A treatment provides a one-time $7,500 pay out support with the purchase of a current property or home or possibly by means of new home creation.Men and women need get together with particular measures in order to really meet the criteria for this product. Commonly, all men and women has to be attaining otherwise constructing his or her?s very property nationwide turn into individuals of the nation. Various standards, among them age category specifications, occupancy specs as well as residence the cost less difficult differ by just state government. Wealth degree and then house desired destination (on the inside Aussie) don?t have any influence on borrowers? due to eligibility.
Although Motorola outed its Android Ice Cream Sandwich rollout plans back in February, we've only seen leaked glimpses of what its skinned version the OS would be like for its handsets. That's changed recently thanks to Motorola's Japanese website, where a new ICS landing page features nine demo videos showcasing the software on a Droid RAZR. Among the clips, which highlight features from updated icons to a revamped lockscreen, there's also a detailed look at the LapDock-friendly Webtop 3.0 UI. Sadly however, there isn't any new word on the rollout schedule past the update Moto detailed on the 18th. You can treat yourself to some of the eye candy by clicking past the break, and you'll find all the vids by hitting the source link below -- but do keep in mind that most of clips aren't voiced in English.
Hi there dear readers! Here is a guest post from a mother who emailed and asked me if she could post a guest article here in my blog. Of course I can't say no, since her topic is health related. Thus,this post is a beginning of my approval to any health and nurse bloggers out there who want to be a guest blogger here in my blog. Email me then, if you are interested.
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As undeniable facts of life go, stress is one of the most potentially damaging for new moms and their growing babies. Of course, very few things in this world are all good or all bad, and stress does have some positive roles to play. The hormones produced in the body during a stressful event will heighten the awareness and speed reflexes, which make it possible to escape from dangerous situations unharmed. Exposure to pathogens initiates a physical stress response that typically results in a stronger immune system.
However, chronic stress is dangerous to the health. It may come from toxins in the food or environment, strained relationships, and even physical injuries that do not heal properly. Chronic stress has been positively correlated to heart disease, obesity, many types of cancer, and a weakened immune system. Specifically during pregnancy, chronic stress has been linked to lower birth weight, prolonged labor, complications during delivery, and a number of early childhood diseases. Fortunately, exercise offers a well-understood way to reduce the damaging effects of all types of stress.
Building Emotional and Physical Adaptability Exercise has a number of proven benefits for pregnancy, and all women are encouraged to investigate exercise options through the many pregnancy classes now available. Increased flexibility, stronger pelvic muscles, and an optimized metabolism all contribute to reducing the experience of symptoms during pregnancy and making delivery go more smoothly.
It also helps in another, closely linked way. Exercise has been shown to reduce the experience of psychological stress. Previous studies have shown that pregnancy decreases a woman's tolerance to all forms of stress, and things that were not stressful before may suddenly become risks to the emotional and physical well-being of mom and baby. One meta-analysis of previous work in the field found sufficient evidence to substantiate the idea that physical exercise increases stress tolerance for mom and results in better health outcomes for baby.
What Are the Most Beneficial Exercises? Generally speaking, beneficial exercises will be those that are used regularly and closely match the individual's tolerance for physical stress. Studies of exercise have consistently found there is no difference in overall benefits between water aerobics, yoga, and a daily walking routine. However, the individual's health status and fitness level have to be considered when choosing an appropriate form of exercise. During pregnancy, this means choosing a form that is lower impact and less intense than optimum forms for non-pregnant women. There is a greater need to avoid injury and over-exertion, both of which can lead to chronic stress.
A range of enjoyable exercises is the best choice, because this ensures multiple types of specific benefits and regularity. Water aerobics may be preferred by some moms, and this type will reduce symptoms like fatigue, insomnia, and digestive upset. Water aerobics can even be used to tone muscles, but it will not help in strengthening the bones. Mixing low- and no-impact aerobics with resistance training and pregnancy-specific exercises for toning the pelvic muscles is an optimum recipe for decreasing pregnancy stress.
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Working with a doctor, a mother can develop an appropriate exercise plan to better reduced her stress levels and keep her physically healthy. Planning for delivery with her doctor, learning more about standard procedures, like pain medicines available, and optional procedures, like umbilical cord blood banking, will help a mother go to the delivery room solely focused on delivery of a healthy baby without the worry of the details.
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This article was written by Katie Moore. Katie is an active writer within the blogging community who discusses maternity, motherhood, prenatal health, childbirth and other topics within this niche.? If you have any questions or would like to connect with Katie please contact by visiting her blog, Moore From Katie or her twitter @moorekm26.
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Readers will recall that I followed the progress of my book on the Nuremberg Military Tribunals on the blog, from proposal to finished project.? I received a great deal of positive feedback on those posts, as well as some very useful feedback on the project itself.? (Also a couple of complaints that I was just being narcissistic, but you can?t please everyone.)? So I thought I would do the same thing with my next book, which I will start working on full-time in a few months.? Its somewhat pretentious title is A Genealogy of International Criminal Law, and it will be published by Oxford University Press in 2014 or early 2015.? I can?t say enough good things about publishing my first book with OUP ? John Louth, Merel Alstein, and their crew were an absolute pleasure to work with.? They were unfailingly helpful, supportive, and (above all) understanding.? As long as they were willing to have me, I wasn?t going to even consider a different press.
The new book hopes to provide the first comprehensive historical-theoretical study of the process of international criminalization.? Here is the introduction to the proposal I submitted to OUP:
It is an article of faith among international criminal law scholars that certain acts are directly criminalized by international law.? We no longer speak, as Georg Schwarzenberger once did, of ?internationally prescribed municipal criminal law? or ?internationally authorized municipal criminal law.?? Instead, we talk about ?international crimes? ? aggression, war crimes, crimes against humanity, genocide.? And we have a 63-page treaty, the Rome Statute, that not only defines those crimes, but also explains how individuals can be held criminally responsible for their commission and specifies the defences that they can raise when accused of them.? There is thus no longer any real doubt that international criminal law exists in the ?strict? or ?true? or ?material? sense.
Needless to say, it matters whether an act is criminal under international law or under domestic law. ?Because we now have ?international crimes,? not simply municipal crimes that are prescribed or authorized by international law, defendants accused of such crimes cannot argue that their actions were legal under domestic law or were taken in their official capacity, entitling them to immunity from prosecution.? In the words of the Nuremberg Tribunal:
Individuals have international duties which transcend the national obligations of obedience imposed by the individual State. He who violates the laws of war cannot obtain immunity while acting in pursuance of the authority of the State if the State in authorising action moves outside its competence under international law.
Nor is that all.? Because there are international crimes, international law permits, and sometimes even requires, states to prosecute them no matter where, by whom, or against whom they are committed ? conditional universal jurisdiction.? Because there are international crimes, states are likely obligated to prosecute or extradite suspects in their custody who commit them ? aut dedere, aut judicare.? And, of course, because there are international crimes, there are international criminal tribunals that have the authority to prosecute them.
Despite the importance of the ?international? in the concept of an ?international crime,? scholars have almost completely ignored the mechanics of the international criminalization process.? What does it mean to say that an act is directly criminalized by international law?? How does that transposition of the municipal to the international occur?? One looks almost in vain for answers to these questions in the scholarly literature.? No book-length analysis of international criminalization exists, and the number of articles dedicated specifically to that issue can be counted on two hands ? the most notable examples being Georg Schwarzenberger?s ?The Problem of an International Criminal Law,? published in 1950, and Robert Cryer?s superb ?The Doctrinal Foundations of International Criminalization,? published in 2008.
This book will fill that lacuna.? Merriam-Webster defines a genealogy as ?an account of the origin or historical development of something.?? That something, in this book, will be international criminal law itself.? The book will be structured around three interrelated questions.? The first is methodological: under what conditions should a particular legal concept be recognized as forming part of the corpus of international criminal law?? The book will take a broad approach to that question, asking not only how categories of crimes become directly criminalized by international law ? aggression, war crimes, crimes against humanity, genocide ? but also how international criminal law determines specific instances of those categories: invasion as aggression; rape and pillage as war crimes; deportation and apartheid as crimes against humanity; forcible transfer of children as genocide; and so on.? It will also examine the process of international criminalization with regard to modes of participation, such as joint criminal enterprise and command responsibility, as well as the recognition of defences to criminal responsibility, such as superior orders and mistake.
As we will see, answering the recognition question is ultimately a question of how we theorize the formation of international law.? All of the formal sources of international law have played an important role in the development of international criminal law.? Without treaties, for example, genocide and the crime against humanity of apartheid would not exist. ?Similarly, international tribunals have relied heavily on general principles of criminal law to determine the elements of specific international crimes and to decide whether to recognize particular defences.
Customary international law, however, has played the most critical role in international criminal law.? To begin with, because of the principle of legality, the customary status of treaty-based international crimes has been disputed at every international tribunal since Nuremberg.? The jurisdiction ratione materiae of many international tribunals has also been defined in terms of custom ? the most striking example being Article 3 of the ICTY Statute, which not only lists certain war crimes, but also gives the Tribunal jurisdiction over violations of ?the laws or customs of war.?? And, of course, because of the minimalist nature of pre-Rome Statute treaties, judges have always had to fill substantive gaps in international criminal law ? of which there have been many ? with rules derived from custom.
Nor has the adoption of the Rome Statute signaled the end of customary international law?s importance.? Within the Rome Statute, Article 21 specifically permits recourse to custom when the Statute and Elements do not resolve a substantive question, while Article 31 permits the Court to recognize customary defences not specifically included in the Statute. ?Outside of the Rome Statute, custom remains important for domestic courts in states that rely on it for their definitions of international crimes and for purposes of determining the contours of universal jurisdiction and aut dedere, aut judicare obligations.
In the context of international criminal law, however, the ?correct? interpretation of the formal sources of international law ? treaties, custom, general principles ? has always been deeply contested.? In the Nuremberg trials, the IMT and NMT judges had to grapple with the difficult issue of whether, in light of the London Charter, crimes against humanity required a nexus to war crimes or crimes against peace.? In Cambodia, the Appeals Chamber rejected the ad hoc tribunals? insistence that JCE III existed under customary international law.? And at the ICTY, three judges bitterly disagreed with each other concerning whether to recognize duress as a defence to the war crime of murder.
These examples of methodological conflict could be multiplied indefinitely.? The point is that, in a very real sense, the history of international criminal law is the history of decisions issued by international tribunals concerning the recognition (or non-recognition) of international crimes, modes of participation, and defences. The second question this book will address is thus analytic: do those decisions exhibit a coherent and defensible methodology concerning the internationalization process?
The book will argue that they do not.? On the contrary, it will argue that there has always been a fundamental tension in the methodology of international criminal law, one that has significantly undermined the field?s legitimacy.? International judges have consistently claimed to be strict positivists, deriving the substance of international criminal law from an inductive analysis of the formal sources of international law.? In practice, however, those judges have just as consistently ignored inductive analysis in favor of substantive rules deduced from the existence of allegedly fundamental principles such as ?humanity? and ?justice.?? Ironically, then, despite its recent vintage and claimed modernity, international criminal law actually owes much more to 16th and 17th century naturalism than to 20th century positivism.
The purpose of this book, however, is not simply to expose the methodological deficiencies that have characterized judicial decision-making in international criminal law. It will also ask a third question, one that is deconstructive: could international criminal law have developed through a strictly positivist methodology, one that criminalized only those acts that had an adequate inductive foundation in the formal sources of international law?
There is reason to be skeptical.? Indeed, the book will argue that, for two reasons, the formal sources of international law have always radically underdetermined international criminal law, making it impossible to banish naturalism completely.? To begin with, unlike other areas of international law, the development of international criminal law has always been cabined by a fundamental principle: the principle of legality.? International criminal law is a subfield of public international law, but it is also ? and perhaps foremost ? a system of criminal law.? International criminal law has thus always depended upon the existence of a dense network of substantive rules defined with a clarity and precision that is largely unknown to (and unnecessary for) other areas of international law.? Could such rules ever have been inductively derived from the formal sources of international law? ?It seems unlikely.
There is also a historical reason why the formal sources of international law have always underdetermined international criminal law.? To paraphrase Oliver Wendell Holmes, the life of international criminal law has not been logic; it has been experience.? The field has always been profoundly reactionary (in the literal, not political, sense of the word), developing as a response to periods of existential crisis, from the Holocaust to Srebrenica.? It is difficult to imagine how traditional theories of international law, particularly concerning the formation of custom, could ever have justified the Grotian leaps that an adequate legal response to those crises required.
Koskenniemi has argued that, in the wake of World War II, the new international legal order brought ?exceptional situations within its compass? through an increasing deformalization, accompanied by a turn to ethics in the profession.?? This book will argue, by way of conclusion, that international criminal law provides a particularly striking example of Koskenniemi?s thesis.? By its very nature ? demanding precision, yet responding to crisis ? international criminal law resists traditional inductive theories of international law.? So it is true that international judges have consistently, if covertly, rejected positivism in favor of the kind of naturalism that dominated international law in the 16th and 17thcenturies.? But they might not have had any other choice.
Strategic Management by Prof. R. Srinivasan, Department of Management Studies, IISC Bangalore. For more details on NPTEL visit http://nptel.iitm.ac.in
Course Description :
I-Introduction
Introduction to Strategic Management, Concept of Corporate Strategy, Strategic Management Process, The 7-S Framework, Corporate Policy and Planning in India.
II-BoDs and Top Management
Board of Directors - Role and Functions, Top Management - Role and Skills, Board Functioning - Indian Context.
III- Environmental Analysis
Environmental Scanning, Industry Analysis, The synthesis of External Factors, External Factors Analysis Summary (EFAS), Internal Scanning, Value Chain Analysis, Synthesis of Internal Factors, Internal Factors Analysis Summary (IFAS)
CASE STUDY I.
IV-Strategy Formulation and Analysis
Strategy Formulation, Strategic Factors Analysis Summary (SFAS) Matrix, Business Strategy, Corporate Strategy, Functional Strategy, Strategic Choice
CASE STUDY II.
V-Strategy Implementation
Strategy Implementation, Organization Structure, Corporate Culture, Diversification, Mergers and Acquisitions
CASE STUDY III.
VI-Evaluation and SIS
Evaluation and Control, Strategic Information Systems.
VII- Other Strategic Issues SMEs and NPOs
Other Strategic Issues, Small and Medium Enterprises, Non- Profit Organizations.
Summary.
Other Resources :
Syllabus | Citation |
These lecture videos are delivered by IISc Bangalore, under the NPTEL program, lot of nptel video courses are available for learning online.
Other Business Management Courses
? check out the complete list of Business Management Video lectures ?????????
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It's undeniable that Google does a great job at quickly providing useful Web links and more. Yet I'm often surprised at how unwilling people are to even experiment with another search site. Underdog Bing from software veteran Microsoft has been innovating and offering its own twist on this central Internet activity since 2009. It's gotten to the point where most people would probably not even notice if you switched search-engine results on them, and blind search tests and some other studies point to Bing delivering preferred results.
The site has not been without its successes: According to Experian and comScore, Bing has overtaken Yahoo as the number-two search engine. Of course, Bing's search technology now powers Yahoo, so you could add that sites numbers, putting Bing-powered US share at about 30 percent versus Google's 65 percent.
The highlight of Bing's latest attempt to win favor over Google is its new integration of social networking with search. But the service's designers are also working on the underlying technology to understand queries better and deliver results faster. Bing's Stefan Weitz told me that they were working on a "connecting the real world to the digital world," building an entity engine code-named Satori that attaches relevant terms and relationships to objects, and then tags relevant Web pages with the object ID. So far, they've added over 300 million objects ranging from wine bottles to PC monitors. It's an offshoot of the "semantic Web" concept, which tries to categorize things and ideas rather than simply scan text on Web pages for terms.
The point of all this new plumbing as well as the new social network integration is to make Bing's new slogan?Bing is for doing?a reality. The site is a lot more than straight Web search. Hitting the Explore link at top left gives you an idea of the sites multifarious roles: Entertainment, News, Maps, Social, Finance, Videos, Local, Shopping, Travel, Translator, and more. We'll dive into several of these as the review progresses. The new social tools will be rolled out to all users by this June, and users can head to www.bing.com/new to be notified of its availability.
Interface Google Doodles get all the noise, but every single day you can see an often dazzling and always enlightening image on the Bing home search page. The image doesn't affect the page load time, as it loads after the search box. Occasionally it will even come to life as a short video, and mouseover links always lead to more photos, maps, and info on the photo subject. The home page has a menu along the top for vertical search like Images, Videos, Shopping, News, Maps, Travel, Entertainment. You can also check your search history (if you've logged in), Hotmail, and MSN from menu items here. On the left you'll see your login accounts, Bing Rewards point total (more later), and search settings, such as safe search.
Like any other self-respecting, up-to-date search engine, start typing in the search box and you'll see suggestions drop down. You don't get Google's Instant results, but frankly, that can often just be a distraction, and most people I've asked don't use it, instead simply typing their whole query in before looking at the results. Another behavior in Bing that I definitely prefer is that when you switch, say, from Web search to news search, Bing maintains your search term and applies it to the new function. With Google, if I search "sports car" and then click the News link at top, I get the day's general news and have to type "sports car" again to see news related to that term.
One of Bing's real contributions to Web search, which was copied by Google, was the consistent sidebar it placed along the left rail of the result page. With the latest revision, this is gone from Bing. Gone also are the site text previews you used to see when you hovered the mouse over a result entry. Google now shows a large thumbnail of each site when you do this, complete with images. This gives you a visual clue, in case seeing the design jogs your memory that, yes that's the site I wanted. The removal of these thumbnails is part of a cleanup at Bing, which also put the ax to the tab filters above results, and a trimming down of the Bing daily image border to a sliver at the top.
Bing intends to replace the quick information encapsulation that site preview used to provide with Snapshot. This feature isn't yet implemented though, so I couldn't test it myself. I did get a demo of it. A Snapshot arrow will show up when you search for a restaurant, hotel, movie or event, or person. You'll see ratings, business hours, maps, and even interior panoramas for the establishments, and social network info for people searches.
Results As I mentioned at the outset, most users wouldn't notice a difference in the quality of search results between Bing and Google. Both are perfectly capable of turning up any fairly well-known site. Blind taste tests have even shown that more users actually find Bing's results more useful. You can try such a test for yourself with BlindSearch. I've occasionally not found the result I was looking for, and sometimes Google would get it for me. The fact that so many sites try to game Google for higher placement through SEO could actually be an advantage for a non-Google search engine. Other extended tests, too, like Conrad Saam's in Search Engine Land have shown the results too close to call a clear winner.
What differentiates today's Web search is how the results are enhanced. For example, I searched for "lobster bisque recipe" and at the top of Bing's results was a Bing Recipes choice. Google helpfully listed ingredients, cook time, and calories along the left rail, while clicking into Bing Recipes laid out this information attractively. When I switched gears and typed USS Indianapolis into the search bar, Google found nothing, since the search wasn't recipe-related, while Bing had no trouble switching gears to World War II battleships. (This relates to a usability issue with Google News I mention below?an inability to shift gears.)
One option I definitely prefer in Google is the abilty to specify a date range to search for. Bing has done away with its sidebar, and thereforeany search refinements like those offered by Google's search tools. Yahoo, too, will let you restrict a search by past day, week, or month, but Google is the clear winner here.
A search for the Mets' ailing shortstop Ruben Tejada had Bing displaying his stats and performance in the most recent three games, while in Google I had to click through to one of the Web results to get this info. The first Google result was Wikipedia, rather than a sports-specific site. In fact, though it's amazing for both search engines how many results come from Wikipedia. You might as well just start with that online encyclopedia for many of your searches.
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Acid in the brainPublic release date: 18-May-2012 [ | E-mail | Share ]
Contact: Jennifer Brown jennifer-l-brown@uiowa.edu 319-356-7124 University of Iowa Health Care
UI team develops new way to look at brain function
University of Iowa neuroscientist John Wemmie, M.D., Ph.D., is interested in the effect of acid in the brain. His studies suggest that increased acidity or low pH, in the brain is linked to panic disorders, anxiety, and depression. But his work also suggests that changes in acidity are important for normal brain activity too.
"We are interested in the idea that pH might be changing in the functional brain because we've been hot on the trail of receptors that are activated by low pH," says Wemmie, a UI associate professor of psychiatry. "The presence of these receptors implies the possibility that low pH might be playing a signaling role in normal brain function."
Wemmie's studies have shown that these acid-sensing proteins are required for normal fear responses and for learning and memory in mice. However, while you can buy a kit to measure the pH (acidity) of your garden soil, there currently is no easy way to measure pH changes in the brain.
Wemmie teamed up with Vincent Magnotta, Ph.D., UI associate professor of radiology, psychiatry, and biomedical engineering, and using Magnotta's expertise in developing MRI (magnetic resonance imaging)-based brain imaging techniques, the researchers developed and tested a new, non-invasive method to detect and monitor pH changes in living brains.
According to Wemmie, the new imaging technique provides the best evidence so far that pH changes do occur with normal function in the intact human brain. The findings were published May 7 in the Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences (PNAS) Early Edition.
Specifically, the study showed the MRI-based method was able to detect global changes in brain pH in mice. Breathing carbon dioxide, which lowers pH (makes the brain more acidic), increased the signal, while bicarbonate injections, which increases brain pH, decreased the MRI signal. The relationship between the signal and the pH was linear over the range that was tested.
Importantly, the method also seems able to detect localized brain activity. When human volunteers viewed a flashing checkerboard -- a classic experiment that activates a particular brain region involved in vision -- the MRI method detected a drop in pH in that region. The team also confirmed the pH drop using other methods.
"Our study tells us, first, we have a technique that we believe can measure pH changes in the brain, and second, this MRI-based technique suggests that pH changes do occur with brain function," Magnotta says.
"The results support our original idea that brain activity can change local pH in human brains during normal activity, meaning that pH change in conjunction with the pH-sensitive receptors could be part of a signaling system that affects brain activity and cognitive function," Wemmie adds
A new way to view brain activity
Importantly, this technique may also provide a new way to image the brain
Currently, functional MRI (fMRI) measures brain activity by detecting a signal that's due to oxygen levels in the blood flowing to active brain regions. The UI team showed that their method responds to pH changes but is not influenced by changes in blood oxygenation. Conversely, fMRI does not respond to changes in pH.
"What we show is our method of detecting brain activity probably depends on pH changes and, more than that, it is distinct from the signal that fMRI measures," says Wemmie. "This gives us another tool to study brain activity."
pH and brain function
Wemmie's previous studies have suggested a role for pH changes in certain psychiatric diseases, including anxiety and depression. With the new method, he and his colleagues hope to explore how pH is involved in these conditions.
"Brain activity is likely different in people with brain disorders, such as bipolar or depression and that might be reflected in this measure," Wemmie says. "And perhaps most important, at the end of the day; could this signal be abnormal or perturbed in human psychiatric disease? And if so, it might be a target for manipulation and treatment?"
###
In addition to Wemmie and Magnotta, the UI team included Hye-Young Heo, Brian Dlouhy, Nader Dahdaleh, Robin Follmer, Daniel Thedens and Michael Welsh.
The work was supported by the McKnight Endowment Fund for Neuroscience, the Dana foundation and a UI Clinical and Translational Science Award.
[ | E-mail | Share ]
?
AAAS and EurekAlert! are not responsible for the accuracy of news releases posted to EurekAlert! by contributing institutions or for the use of any information through the EurekAlert! system.
Acid in the brainPublic release date: 18-May-2012 [ | E-mail | Share ]
Contact: Jennifer Brown jennifer-l-brown@uiowa.edu 319-356-7124 University of Iowa Health Care
UI team develops new way to look at brain function
University of Iowa neuroscientist John Wemmie, M.D., Ph.D., is interested in the effect of acid in the brain. His studies suggest that increased acidity or low pH, in the brain is linked to panic disorders, anxiety, and depression. But his work also suggests that changes in acidity are important for normal brain activity too.
"We are interested in the idea that pH might be changing in the functional brain because we've been hot on the trail of receptors that are activated by low pH," says Wemmie, a UI associate professor of psychiatry. "The presence of these receptors implies the possibility that low pH might be playing a signaling role in normal brain function."
Wemmie's studies have shown that these acid-sensing proteins are required for normal fear responses and for learning and memory in mice. However, while you can buy a kit to measure the pH (acidity) of your garden soil, there currently is no easy way to measure pH changes in the brain.
Wemmie teamed up with Vincent Magnotta, Ph.D., UI associate professor of radiology, psychiatry, and biomedical engineering, and using Magnotta's expertise in developing MRI (magnetic resonance imaging)-based brain imaging techniques, the researchers developed and tested a new, non-invasive method to detect and monitor pH changes in living brains.
According to Wemmie, the new imaging technique provides the best evidence so far that pH changes do occur with normal function in the intact human brain. The findings were published May 7 in the Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences (PNAS) Early Edition.
Specifically, the study showed the MRI-based method was able to detect global changes in brain pH in mice. Breathing carbon dioxide, which lowers pH (makes the brain more acidic), increased the signal, while bicarbonate injections, which increases brain pH, decreased the MRI signal. The relationship between the signal and the pH was linear over the range that was tested.
Importantly, the method also seems able to detect localized brain activity. When human volunteers viewed a flashing checkerboard -- a classic experiment that activates a particular brain region involved in vision -- the MRI method detected a drop in pH in that region. The team also confirmed the pH drop using other methods.
"Our study tells us, first, we have a technique that we believe can measure pH changes in the brain, and second, this MRI-based technique suggests that pH changes do occur with brain function," Magnotta says.
"The results support our original idea that brain activity can change local pH in human brains during normal activity, meaning that pH change in conjunction with the pH-sensitive receptors could be part of a signaling system that affects brain activity and cognitive function," Wemmie adds
A new way to view brain activity
Importantly, this technique may also provide a new way to image the brain
Currently, functional MRI (fMRI) measures brain activity by detecting a signal that's due to oxygen levels in the blood flowing to active brain regions. The UI team showed that their method responds to pH changes but is not influenced by changes in blood oxygenation. Conversely, fMRI does not respond to changes in pH.
"What we show is our method of detecting brain activity probably depends on pH changes and, more than that, it is distinct from the signal that fMRI measures," says Wemmie. "This gives us another tool to study brain activity."
pH and brain function
Wemmie's previous studies have suggested a role for pH changes in certain psychiatric diseases, including anxiety and depression. With the new method, he and his colleagues hope to explore how pH is involved in these conditions.
"Brain activity is likely different in people with brain disorders, such as bipolar or depression and that might be reflected in this measure," Wemmie says. "And perhaps most important, at the end of the day; could this signal be abnormal or perturbed in human psychiatric disease? And if so, it might be a target for manipulation and treatment?"
###
In addition to Wemmie and Magnotta, the UI team included Hye-Young Heo, Brian Dlouhy, Nader Dahdaleh, Robin Follmer, Daniel Thedens and Michael Welsh.
The work was supported by the McKnight Endowment Fund for Neuroscience, the Dana foundation and a UI Clinical and Translational Science Award.
[ | E-mail | Share ]
?
AAAS and EurekAlert! are not responsible for the accuracy of news releases posted to EurekAlert! by contributing institutions or for the use of any information through the EurekAlert! system.
Hooray for Movie Awards season and the cutthroat competition between this year's very deserving group of nominees! And although the majority of the nominations were snagged by some popular wizards, bridesmaids and tributes, there is plenty of Movie Awards love and Golden Popcorn to go around. Kinda. Speaking of Movie Awards love, we have to [...]
MANILA, Philippines (AP) ? About 70 Christian youths in the Philippines have chanted "Stop the Lady Gaga concerts" at a rally calling for the singer's shows in Manila next week to be canceled.
Members of a group called Biblemode Youth Philippines said Friday that they are offended by Lady Gaga's music and videos, in particular her song "Judas," which they say mocks Jesus Christ.
Protest leader and former Philippine Congressman Ben Abante says his group plans to file a case against Lady Gaga and concert organizers if she sings "Judas" at her Manila gigs Monday and Tuesday.
Former Manila Mayor Jose Atienza says the singer and organizers can be punished for offending race or religion.
Lady Gaga scrapped an Indonesia concert following protests there from conservative Muslims.
Do you want to get higher education at your desired colleges and universities? But,worry about its high cost and how to get financial assistance? So, don?t worry, our site ?scholarship-positions.com? provides you detailed information regarding various available scholarships, grants and awards?funded by various foundation, colleges, universities and organizations?to assist students in their further studies .
This page contains some scholarships for Sri Lankan students to study either in their home country or abroad. So, what are you waiting for! Just go ahead to fulfill your dream by searching the scholarships in the list below which consists of a detailed information about the various available scholarships.
As?Education plays a major part in the life and culture of any country is a fundamental right?in a constitution of Sri Lanka. Further, it has the highest literacy rate in South Asia and overall. Keeping in mind this fact, we have brought here the detailed information about those scholarships which are available for Sri Lankan students for various programs at different universities and colleges. Here is a list
Scholarship Program:?International Scholarship for Doctoral Students Employer:?The Setsutaro Kobayashi Memorial Fund Level of study:? Doctorate program Brief Scholarship Description:?Grants shall be conferred for individual research (not group research) in the field of Humanities (Cultural Science) or Social Sciences, with special emphasis on themes that help deepen the researcher?s understanding and awareness of Japanese or Asian/Oceanian society and culture and enhance international interchanges among them in the future.The Kobayashi Fund will provide each grantee with a research grant to be used for expenses (transportation/accommodation for travel, purchase of reference books/archives, etc.) pertaining to the research activities in Japan and Asia-Pacific countries/regions. Maximum 1,200,000 yen per grantee will be available to approximately 32 grantees. An amount from 350,000 to 960,000 yen per grantee was provided to 32 grantees for the 2012 program. (Depending upon the results of the Grantee Screening Committee?s assessment, the actual amount for some grantees could be less than the originally requested amount. Scholarship Website: http://www.fujixerox.com/eng/company/social/prog.html
?Scholarship Program:?Fujitsu Scholarship Employer:?Fujitsu Level of study:?Postgraduate Brief Scholarship Description:?Fujitsu Limited established the Fujitsu Scholarship Program in 1985 to commemorate the 50th anniversary of its founding. The aim was to provide the opportunity for people from the Asia-Pacific region to contribute to the region through studying different values, cultures, and global business. This has been a Fujitsu?s key initiative for deepening the relationships between the countries and citizens of the Asia-Pacific region. This scholarship has since enabled 420 professionals from 18 countries to study cross-cultural management at JAIMS, the Japan-America Institute of Management Science, inHawaii,U.S.A.The Fujitsu Scholarship provides full financial assistance for postgraduate education and cross-cultural management training in the East-West Knowledge Leaders Program (EWKLP) at JAIMS. The EWKLP has a three-month curriculum, which synthesizes the best practices of both the East and West. The participants will sharpen their global management knowledge and skills, and build the confidence necessary for success in global business situations. Selected Fujitsu Scholar will attend the EWKLP beginning in April 2012, followed by a week-long Japan Portion. Scholarship Website: http://www.fujitsu.com/global/about/responsibility/community/scholarship/about/
Scholarship Program:?Areas Scholarship Employer:?AREAS Level of study:?Undergraduate, Master?s and Doctrate Brief Scholarship Description:?AREAS is an institution-based mobility and scholarship project organized by a Consortium of some of the most prestigious universities in Europe and Asia. It is developed within the frame of the Erasmus Mundus Action 2 (EMA2) program, which is a cooperation and mobility scheme in thearea of higher education funded by the European Commission. The EMA2 objective is to promotethe exchange of persons, knowledge and skills at the higher education level The project is aimed at students and scholars from the Asian Countries targeted (Cambodia,Indonesia, Laos, Malaysia, Myanmar, Mongolia, Sri Lanka, Thailand, The Philippines, Vietnam) hoare willing to spend a mobility period abroad in Europe, for the purpose of studying, teaching orcarrying out training and research. Students and scholars can choose from a wide variety ofacademic fields at different levels of study (Undergraduate, Master, Doctorate, Post-doctorate andStaff) offered by one of the European partner Universities. Scholarships will be awarded toapplicants selected by the Consortium. Scholarship Website: http://www.areas.polito.it/info/scholarships
Scholarship Program:?The Singapore International Graduate Award (SINGA) 2012 Employer:?Agency for Science, Technology & Research (A STAR) Level of study:?PhD Brief Scholarship Description:?The Singapore International Graduate Award (SINGA) is a collaboration between the Agency for Science, Technology & Research (A*STAR), the National University of Singapore (NUS) and the Nanyang Technological University (NTU). PhD training will be carried out in English at your chosen lab at A*STAR Research Institutes, NUS or NTU. Students will be supervised by distinguished and world-renowned researchers in these labs. Upon successful completion, students will be conferred a PhD degree by either NUS or NTU. Scholarship Website: https://www.singa.a-star.edu.sg/theaward.php
Scholarship Program:?Australian Development Awards Employer:?Australian Government Level of study:?Master?s Brief Scholarship Description:?Long-term Development Awards are key component of the Australian Government?s development program in Sri Lanka. This scheme supports study at Australian tertiary institutions. The awards are designed to build both government and non-government sector capacity in bilaterally agreed sectors and to build people-to-people linkages at the individual, institutional and country levels.Development Awards in Sri Lanka are available to support study at Masters Level.AusAID manages two long-term Development Awards on behalf of the Australian Government: Australian Development Scholarships (ADS) and Australian Leaderships Award (ALA) scholarships. The selection process for ADS and ALA scholarships was consolidated in 2011, with a single application form and common open and closing dates. The process is based on merit, academic achievement and relevance of the proposed study to the development priorities of Sri Lanka.Top ranking applicants in the selection process will be considered for an ALA. Scholarship Website: http://www.southasiascholarships.org/sri-lanka#Eligible_Target_Groups
Scholarship Program:?Sri Lanka / Maldives Chevening Cambridge Scholarship Employer:?The British High Commission in Colombo and the Cambridge Commonwealth Trust Level of study:?Master?s Brief Scholarship Description:?The Chevening Scholarship Scheme is the UK?s most prestigious scholarship scheme for foreign students.? Its aim is to enable current and future leaders, decision makers and opinion formers to study in the UK and make a positive contribution to their own countries upon their return.? Many former Chevening scholars have gone on to be leaders in their fields, and even leaders of their countries. Scholarship Website: http://ukinsrilanka.fco.gov.uk/en/visiting-uk/studying-in-uk/our-scholarships/Chevening-Cambridge
Scholarship Program:?Japanese Government (MONBUKAGAKUSHO) Scholarship Employer:?Japanese Government Level of study:?Postgraduate Research, Undergraduate Brief Scholarship Description:?Applications are invited from citizens of Sri Lanka for selection of suitable candidates to be nominated for postgraduate scholarships offered by the Government of Japan. Tenure : Two (02) years commencing from April, 2013 or one and a half years from October, 2013. Scholarship Website: http://www.mohe.gov.lk/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=53&Itemid=70
Scholarship Program:?Hubert H.Humphrey North-South Fellowship Programme 2012-2013 Employer:?US-SLFC Level of study:?Graduate Brief Scholarship Description:?The US-SLFC was founded in 1952 by an Agreement between the Government of the United States of America and the Government of Ceylon for the administration of educational exchange programmes inSri Lanka.The programe aims to promote cultural understanding between the United States and Sri Lankathrough mutual academic exchange. To-date over 832 Sri Lankan and American scholars have participated in various academic programmes monitored by the J William Fulbright Scholarship Board. The US-SLFC also offers a student advisory service, which provides free individual/group counseling and reference material on educational opportunities, admission processes and standardized tests for those desirous of studying in the USA. Scholarship Website: http://www.fulbrightsrilanka.com/?page_id=1046
Scholarship Program:?Nanyang President?s Graduate Scholarship (NPGS) Employer:?Nanyang Technological University Level of study:?PhD Brief Scholarship Description: The Nanyang President?s Graduate Scholarship (NPGS) is a competitive and prestigious scholarship scheme designed to encourage outstanding graduates or final-year students to take their first step towards a leading research career by studying for a doctoral degree programme (PhD) at the Nanyang Technological University (NTU), one of Asia?s leading research universities. Funding will be provided for up to 4 years for NPGS awardees. Scholarship Website: http://www3.ntu.edu.sg/NPGS/the+award/default.htm
Scholarship Program:?Japanese Grant Aid for Human Resource Development Scholarship program (JDS) Employer:?Japan International cooperation Center Level of study:?Master?s Brief Scholarship Description:?The Japanese Grant Aid for Human Resource Development Scholarship program (JDS) has been started inSri Lanka since 2009. Up to now, a total of 30 fellows have been sent toJapan under the program.JDS Program is now inviting potential applicants who understand its aims and are interested in 2 year master?s degree program at Japanese accepting universities for the academic year 2012-2013. The program will be instructed in English. The number of dispatches is 15 per year. Scholarship Website: http://jice.org/e/jds/scholarships/srilanka/
Scholarship Program:?Sri Lankan Veterinary Leader Enjoys NAVC International Scholarship 2012 Employer:?NAVC Level of study:?Undergraduate Brief Scholarship Description:?Orlando, FL??As an individual committed to improving the veterinary profession in Sri Lanka, Dr. Nalinika Obeyesekere could not have been better qualified as an NAVC 2012 International Scholar, a program initiated by NAVC to promote veterinary excellence worldwide. One of Dr. Obeyesekere?s prime objectives is to develop a veterinary clinical teaching hospital of international standards in her country. Scholarship Website: http://www.navc.com/news/sri-lankan-veterinary-leader-enjoys-navc-international-scholarship-2012
Scholarship Program:?Boren Scholarship Employer:?Institute of International Education Level of study:?Undergraduate Brief Scholarship Description:?Boren Scholarships provide up to $20,000 to U.S. undergraduate students to study abroad in areas of the world that are critical to U.S. interests and underrepresented in study abroad, including Africa, Asia, Central & Eastern Europe, Eurasia, Latin America, and the Middle East. The countries of Western Europe, Canada, Australia, and New Zealand are excluded. Boren Scholars represent a variety of academic backgrounds, but all are interested in studying less commonly taught languages, including but not limited to Arabic, Chinese, Korean, Portuguese, Russian, and Swahili. Scholarship Website: http://www.borenawards.org/boren_scholars_campus_rep.html
?Scholarship Program:?Dean?s special scholarship Employer: Sheffield Hallam University Level of study:?Master?s Brief Scholarship Description:?The scholarships will be awarded to well-qualified students who demonstrate academic, personal or professional achievement in the personal statement on their scholarship application form. Successful applicants will be awarded with a certificate to mark their achievement at a Scholarships ceremony following enrolment on their course and a payment will be made after enrolment. This scholarship is not a reduction in fees. Scholarship Website: http://www.shu.ac.uk/international/scholarships-bursaries/subjects-aces.html
Scholarship Program:?Scholarship in the field of Health and Wellbeing Employer:?Sheffield Hallam University? Level of study:?:?Master?s Brief Scholarship Description:?The scholarships panel will consider the quality of the personal statement alongside academic achievement when allocating scholarships. The panel will be held after the closing date and applicants will be notified approximately one month after the closing date using the contact details provided on their application form. The decision of the panel is final. Scholarship Website: http://www.shu.ac.uk/international/scholarships-bursaries/subjects-hwb.html
?Scholarship Program:?AISLS Fellowship Program Employer:?Bureau of Educational and Cultural Affairs at the US State Department. Level of study:?PhD Brief Scholarship Description:?AISLS fellowships support two to nine months of research in Sri Lanka by US citizens who already hold a PhD or the equivalent at the time they begin their fellowship tenure. Both scholars with little or no experience in Sri Lanka as well as specialists are encouraged to apply. This program is funded by a grant from the Bureau of Educational and Cultural Affairs at the US State Department. Scholarship Website: http://aisls.org/fellowship-directions.html
Scholarship Program:?AISLS Dissertation Planning Grant Employer:?Bureau of Educational and Cultural Affairs at the US State Department Level of study:?PhD Brief Scholarship Description:?AISLS dissertation planning grants are designed to enable graduate students intending to do dissertation research in Sri Lanka to make a pre-dissertation visit to Sri Lanka to investigate the feasibility of their topic, to sharpen their research design, or to make other practical arrangements for future research. Although language instruction is not the primary focus of these awards, successful applicants may simultaneously hold an AISLS language instruction grant. Awards are funded by a grant from the Bureau of Educational and Cultural Affairs at the US State Department. Scholarship Website: http://aisls.org/diss-plan.html
Scholarship Program:?Sri Lanka ? Canada Scholarship Foundation (SLCSF) ?Employer:?Sri Lanka ? Canada Scholarship Foundation (SLCSF) Level of study:?Undergraduate Brief Scholarship Description:?Sri Lanka ? Canada Scholarship Foundation (SLCSF) is a non-profit, volunteer organization registered in British Columbia, Canada. Since 2008, Canada Revenue Agency has approved it as a charitable organization, making donations to SLCSF tax-deductible. Its main objective is to advance education by providing scholarships and educational material to financially disadvantaged students in Sri Lanka and Canada, who continually demonstrate academic excellence. The Foundation has been established in 1998. Since then, over 1000 students have received financial assistance through scholarships up to 2011. Scholarship Website: http://www.slcsf.org/about.htm
?Scholarship Program:?The Presidential Scholarship Scheme for post graduate studies Employer:?Government of Sri Lanka Level of study:?Postgraduate Brief Scholarship Description:?The Presidential Scholarship Scheme was revamped to grant 175 scholarships to University Lecturers, Public Sector employees and their children and other bright youth to follow academic and training courses in fields that would meet the development needs of the country Scholarship Website: http://www.priu.gov.lk/execpres/President?s_Fund.htm
Scholarship Program:?Malaysia?International Scholarship (MIS) Employer:?Malaysian Government Level of study:?Postgraduate and Post-doctoral Brief Scholarship Description:?The Malaysia International Scholarship (MIS) is an initiative by the Malaysian Government to attract the best brain from around the world to pursue advanced academic studies in Malaysia. This scholarship aims to support Malaysian Government?s effort to attract, motivate and retain talented human capital from abroad. Talented international students with excellent academic records and outstanding co-curricular backgrounds are welcomed to apply for this scholarship and further their studies in any selected and well-established Malaysian public and private universities. This scholarship is divided into two categories of study: Postgraduate and Post-doctoral Studies. Scholarship Website: http://safmasrilanka.blogspot.in/2012/03/malaysia-international-scholarship-mis.html
Scholarship Program:?Nehru Memorial Scholarship Scheme Employer:?Government of India Level of study:?Undergraduate Brief Scholarship Description:?The Government of India offers scholarships and fellowships to students from Sri Lanka enabling them to pursue Undergraduate, Masters and Research in diverse range of subjects. Scholarships are also available for research work and non-formal courses (e.g., training courses in classical music and dance). 120 scholarships are offered annually under this programme for higher studies in India. Students can pursue undergraduate courses in all disciplines including Engineering, Science, Business, Economics, Commerce and Humanities. However, Medicine is not covered under this scheme. Scholarship Website: http://www.hcicolombo.org/index.php?option=com_pages&id=143
Scholarship Program:?Maulana Azad Scholarship Scheme Employer:?Government of India Level of study:?Master?s Brief Scholarship Description:?This new Scheme has been added from the academic year 2012-13 wherein 50 scholarships would be provided annually for Masters Degrees in the fields of Agriculture, Science and Engineering. This programme is expected to assist researchers, including scholars employed in Sri Lankan universities to pursue Masters Degrees in some of the world-class institutes in India Scholarship Website: http://www.hcicolombo.org/index.php?option=com_pages&id=143
Scholarship Program:?Indo-Sri Lanka Cultural Exchange Programme Scholarship Employer:?Government of India Level of study:?Postgraduate Brief Scholarship Description:?Each year, five scholarships are offered under Indo-Sri Lanka Cultural Exchange Programme for Higher Studies at Post graduate and Research level.? Preference is given to oriental disciplines. These scholarships are different from those awarded for study of cultural disciplines like Dance, Drama and Music through the Cultural Wing of the High Commission. Scholarship Website: http://www.hcicolombo.org/index.php?option=com_pages&id=143
?Scholarship Program:?Government Scholarships for Developing Countries Employer:?Government of the Czech Republic Level of study:?Masterand Doctoral Brief Scholarship Description:?The Government of the Czech Republic offers a number of scholarships within the framework of its Foreign Development Assistance Programme in support of the study of foreign nationals from developing countries at public institutions of higher education in the Czech Republic. Scholarship Website: http://www.msmt.cz/international-cooperation-1/government-scholarships-developing-countries
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Scholarship Tags: Scholarship, Sri Lanka
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Public release date: 18-May-2012
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